{"id":35429,"date":"2020-11-26T23:18:42","date_gmt":"2020-11-26T23:18:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jrrtestate.wpengine.com\/langues\/writing-systems\/"},"modified":"2023-10-17T15:45:24","modified_gmt":"2023-10-17T14:45:24","slug":"arden-smith-systemes-decriture","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/fr\/savoir\/arden-smith-systemes-decriture\/","title":{"rendered":"Arden Smith, Syst\u00e8mes d’\u00c9criture"},"content":{"rendered":"

[et_pb_section fb_built=\u00a0\u00bb1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.16″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color=\u00a0\u00bb#2f3534″ custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb||||false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb0px||0px||false|false\u00a0\u00bb animation_direction=\u00a0\u00bbtop\u00a0\u00bb border_width_bottom=\u00a0\u00bb1px\u00a0\u00bb border_color_bottom=\u00a0\u00bb#4e5956″ saved_tabs=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.16″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb20px||20px||false|false\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.16″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text module_class=\u00a0\u00bbyoastBC\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.16″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb text_font=\u00a0\u00bb|||on|||||\u00a0\u00bb text_text_color=\u00a0\u00bb#9f8d60″ link_text_color=\u00a0\u00bb#9f8d60″ text_orientation=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb]Home<\/a><\/span><\/span>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00a0\u00bb1″ custom_padding_last_edited=\u00a0\u00bbon|phone\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.16″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color=\u00a0\u00bb#2f3534″ use_background_color_gradient=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb background_color_gradient_stops=\u00a0\u00bbrgba(0,0,0,0.2) 0%|rgba(0,0,0,0.24) 100%\u00a0\u00bb background_color_gradient_overlays_image=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb background_color_gradient_start=\u00a0\u00bbrgba(0,0,0,0.2)\u00a0\u00bb background_color_gradient_end=\u00a0\u00bbrgba(0,0,0,0.24)\u00a0\u00bb background_image=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/languages-scripts.jpg\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb220px||220px||false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bb100px||100px||false|false\u00a0\u00bb locked=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.16″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.16″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.16″ _dynamic_attributes=\u00a0\u00bbcontent\u00a0\u00bb _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb header_text_align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb header_text_color=\u00a0\u00bb#ffffff\u00a0\u00bb header_font_size=\u00a0\u00bb60px\u00a0\u00bb header_letter_spacing=\u00a0\u00bb15px\u00a0\u00bb module_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb40px\u00a0\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00a0\u00bbon|tablet\u00a0\u00bb header_letter_spacing_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb1px\u00a0\u00bb header_letter_spacing_phone=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb header_letter_spacing_last_edited=\u00a0\u00bbon|tablet\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb]@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF90aXRsZSIsInNldHRpbmdzIjp7ImJlZm9yZSI6IjxoMT4iLCJhZnRlciI6IjwvaDE+In19@[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00a0\u00bb1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.16″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color=\u00a0\u00bb#f7f7f1″ global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.16″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.16″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.22.2″ text_font_size=\u00a0\u00bb20px\u00a0\u00bb text_line_height=\u00a0\u00bb1.6em\u00a0\u00bb link_text_color=\u00a0\u00bb#9f8d60″ width=\u00a0\u00bb66%\u00a0\u00bb width_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb100%\u00a0\u00bb width_phone=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00a0\u00bbon|tablet\u00a0\u00bb module_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb animation_style=\u00a0\u00bbfade\u00a0\u00bb animation_duration=\u00a0\u00bb1500ms\u00a0\u00bb hover_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0″ locked=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb sticky_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0″]<\/p>\n

Arden Smith offre une br\u00e8ve introduction aux alphabets et syst\u00e8mes d\u2019\u00e9criture invent\u00e9s par Tolkien.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00a0\u00bb1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.16″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.16″ width=\u00a0\u00bb50%\u00a0\u00bb width_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb80%\u00a0\u00bb width_phone=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00a0\u00bbon|tablet\u00a0\u00bb locked=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.16″ text_line_height=\u00a0\u00bb1.9em\u00a0\u00bb quote_font=\u00a0\u00bb||||||||\u00a0\u00bb module_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb animation_style=\u00a0\u00bbfade\u00a0\u00bb animation_duration=\u00a0\u00bb1500ms\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n

Tout au long de sa vie, J.R.R. Tolkien a imagin\u00e9 divers syst\u00e8mes d\u2019\u00e9criture dont plusieurs sont repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s dans ses \u0153uvres publi\u00e9es. La plupart sont li\u00e9s d\u2019une mani\u00e8re ou d\u2019une autre \u00e0 sa \u00ab\u00a0mythologie\u00a0\u00bb de la Terre du Milieu, mais certains se rattachent \u00e0 d\u2019autres r\u00e9cits ou ont une existeence ind\u00e9pendante. D\u2019un point de vue linguistique, ils se distinguent tr\u00e8s souvent par leur complexit\u00e9 et leur raffinement, avec, notamment, des ressemblances dans la forme des lettres qui refl\u00e8tent la proximit\u00e9 phon\u00e9tique des sons repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

L\u2019alphabet de R\u00famil<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>Con\u00e7u en 1919 et attribu\u00e9 plus tard \u00e0 R\u00famil, le sage noldorin du Valinor, il s’agit de la toute premi\u00e8re \u00e9criture elfique invent\u00e9e par Tolkien. Les lettres r\u00familiennes, ou\u00a0<\/span>sarati<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>(au singulier\u00a0<\/span>sarat<\/em>), s\u2019\u00e9crivent habituellement \u00e0 la verticale, de haut en bas, mais peuvent aussi \u00eatre trac\u00e9es horizontalement, soit de gauche \u00e0 droite, soit de droite \u00e0 gauche, ou encore en boustroph\u00e9don (c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire en changeant le sens du trac\u00e9 \u00e0 chaque ligne). On leur ajoute parfois des hampes ou des traits qui peuvent se limiter \u00e0 une seule lettre ou s\u2019\u00e9tirer sur une ligne enti\u00e8re. Comme dans certains modes des\u00a0<\/span>tengwar<\/em>, les voyelles sont repr\u00e9sent\u00e9es par des signes diacritiques. On trouvera des exemples de l\u2019alphabet de R\u00famil dans les num\u00e9ros 13 et 15 de la revue\u00a0<\/span>Parma Eldalamberon.<\/em><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/TaleofTurininElvishazz0106.jpg\u00a0\u00bb title_text=\u00a0\u00bbTale+of+Turin+in+Elvish+azz0106″ align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.16″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.22.2″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb hover_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0″ global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb sticky_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0″]<\/p>\n

Une partie du Conte de T\u00farin \u00e9crit en alphabet r\u00familien. <\/em><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.16″ text_line_height=\u00a0\u00bb1.9em\u00a0\u00bb quote_font=\u00a0\u00bb||||||||\u00a0\u00bb module_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb animation_style=\u00a0\u00bbfade\u00a0\u00bb animation_duration=\u00a0\u00bb1500ms\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n

Les tengwar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Les syst\u00e8mes d\u2019\u00e9criture les plus connus des lecteurs de Tolkien sont ceux que l\u2019on retrouve dans\u00a0<\/span>Le Seigneur des Anneaux<\/em>. On en compte deux\u00a0: les\u00a0<\/span>tengwar<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>et l\u2019angerthas<\/em>. Les\u00a0<\/span>tengwar<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>(du quenya \u00ab\u00a0lettres\u00a0\u00bb, au singulier\u00a0<\/span>tengwa<\/em>) sont les lettres elfiques qui apparaissent par exemple sur la Porte Ouest de la Moria et sur l\u2019Anneau Unique. Au sein de l\u2019univers fictionnel, elles sont l\u2019invention de F\u00ebanor, le plus grand artisan de tous les Elfes noldorins, et servaient au d\u00e9part \u00e0 la repr\u00e9sentation du quenya, la langue des Hauts Elfes. Diff\u00e9rents peuples de l\u2019ouest de la Terre du Milieu, elfes ou non, ont par la suite adopt\u00e9 cette \u00e9criture.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Kingsletter_MS.Tolkien_Mss-4-2-25.jpg\u00a0\u00bb title_text=\u00a0\u00bbKings+letter_MS.Tolkien_Mss-4-2-25″ align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.16″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.22.2″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb hover_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0″ locked=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb sticky_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0″]<\/p>\n

Lettre d\u2019Aragorn, Roi du Gondor, \u00e0 Sam Gamgie, Maire du Comt\u00e9, \u00e9crit en caract\u00e8res elfiques, les tengwar. <\/em><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.16″ text_line_height=\u00a0\u00bb1.9em\u00a0\u00bb quote_font=\u00a0\u00bb||||||||\u00a0\u00bb module_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb animation_style=\u00a0\u00bbfade\u00a0\u00bb animation_duration=\u00a0\u00bb1500ms\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n

Les 24 lettres principales de ce syst\u00e8me sont toutes form\u00e9es d\u2019un\u00a0<\/span>telco<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>(\u00ab\u00a0queue\u00a0\u00bb) et d\u2019au moins un\u00a0<\/span>l\u00fava<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>(\u00ab\u00a0arc\u00a0\u00bb) et peuvent \u00eatre dispos\u00e9es dans un tableau de quatre colonnes (t\u00e9mar<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>\u00ab\u00a0s\u00e9ries\u00a0\u00bb) et six rang\u00e9es (tyeller<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>\u00ab\u00a0degr\u00e9s\u00a0\u00bb). Les\u00a0<\/span>t\u00e9mar<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>et les\u00a0<\/span>tyeller<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>sont associ\u00e9s \u00e0 diff\u00e9rentes cat\u00e9gories de sons, cat\u00e9gories qui varient selon la phon\u00e9tique de la langue repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e\u00a0; chacune de ces repr\u00e9sentations constitue ce que l\u2019on appelle un\u00a0<\/span>mode.<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>Il existe aussi un certain nombre de lettres suppl\u00e9mentaires qui diff\u00e8rent selon les modes. Les signes diacritiques, appel\u00e9s\u00a0<\/span>tehtar<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>(du quenya \u00ab\u00a0signes\u00a0\u00bb, au singulier\u00a0<\/span>tehta<\/em>), sont ajout\u00e9s aux\u00a0<\/span>tengwar<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>pour indiquer, par exemple, une consonne redoubl\u00e9e, une nasale (comme\u00a0<\/span>m<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>ou\u00a0<\/span>n<\/em>) plac\u00e9e devant, ou une semi-voyelle (w<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>ou\u00a0<\/span>y<\/em>) plac\u00e9e derri\u00e8re. Dans certains modes, consonnes et voyelles sont toutes deux repr\u00e9sent\u00e9es par des\u00a0<\/span>tengwar<\/em>, alors que dans d\u2019autres modes, seules les consonnes le sont, les voyelles \u00e9tant quant \u00e0 elles marqu\u00e9es par des\u00a0<\/span>tehtar.<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>On pourra en apprendre davantage sur les\u00a0<\/span>tengwar<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>dans l\u2019Appendice E du\u00a0<\/span>Seigneur des Anneaux<\/em>.<\/p>\n

L\u2019angerthas (les runes elfiques)<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u2019autre syst\u00e8me d\u2019\u00e9criture utilis\u00e9 dans\u00a0<\/span>Le Seigneur des Anneaux<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>est l\u2019angerthas<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>(du sindarin \u00ab\u00a0longue s\u00e9rie de runes\u00a0\u00bb). Ses lettres se nomment\u00a0<\/span>cirth<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>(au singulier\u00a0<\/span>certh<\/em>), que l\u2019on traduit le plus souvent par \u00ab\u00a0runes\u00a0\u00bb, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 l\u2019aspect angulaire de ces caract\u00e8res qui rappelle in\u00e9vitablement l\u2019\u00e9criture des anciens peuples germaniques. Comme les runes d\u2019autrefois, les\u00a0<\/span>cirth<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>sont con\u00e7ues pour \u00eatre grav\u00e9es dans le bois ou la pierre, alors que les\u00a0<\/span>tengwar<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>sont plus adapt\u00e9es \u00e0 la calligraphie au pinceau ou \u00e0 la plume. Les\u00a0<\/span>cirth<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>auraient \u00e9t\u00e9 invent\u00e9es par les Elfes sindarins du Beleriand. L\u2019alphabet runique le plus d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 chez les Elfes, l\u2019angerthas Daeron<\/em><\/strong>,<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>porte d\u2019ailleurs le nom du m\u00e9nestrel de Thingol, le roi du Doriath\u00a0; mais d\u2019autres peuples, notamment les Nains, ont aussi adopt\u00e9 l\u2019usage des\u00a0<\/span>cirth.<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>Les Nains de Moria utilisaient un alphabet runique modifi\u00e9 appel\u00e9\u00a0<\/span>angerthas Moria<\/em><\/strong>,<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>tandis que les Nains de la Montagne Solitaire se servaient d\u2019une autre variante, le\u00a0<\/span>mode d\u2019Erebor<\/em><\/strong>.<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>Ce sont ces runes naines que l\u2019on trouve sur la tombe de Balin dans\u00a0<\/span>Le Seigneur des Anneaux<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>et\u00a0<\/span>sur les facsimil\u00e9s du Livre de Mazarbul\u00a0<\/span>(Peintures et aquarelles de J.R.R. Tolkien<\/em>). Pour de plus amples informations, consulter l\u2019Appendice E du\u00a0<\/span>Seigneur des Anneaux.<\/em><\/p>\n

Les runes anglo-saxonnes et autres alphabets runiques<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u2019alphabet runique employ\u00e9 sur la carte de Thror et ailleurs dans\u00a0<\/span>Le Hobbit<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>n\u2019est pas l\u2019angerthas,<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>mais plut\u00f4t le\u00a0<\/span>futhorc,<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>en usage chez les Anglo-Saxons il y a de cela plus d\u2019un mill\u00e9naire. Avant d\u2019utiliser ces runes, Tolkien a d\u00fb les adapter \u00e0 anglais moderne\u00a0(voir l\u2019Appendice B du\u00a0<\/span>Hobbit annot\u00e9<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>pour plus de d\u00e9tails). Tolkien s\u2019est servi d\u2019autres alphabets runiques, parfois emprunt\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019histoire de l\u2019Europe, parfois invent\u00e9s de toutes pi\u00e8ces. Plusieurs de ses inventions, dont les\u00a0<\/span>runes gondoliniques<\/em><\/strong>,\u00a0<\/span><\/em>sont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es dans l\u2019article \u00ab\u00a0Early Runic Documents\u00a0\u00bb publi\u00e9 dans le num\u00e9ro 15 de la revue\u00a0<\/span>Parma Eldalamberon.<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>La\u00a0<\/span>skirditaila<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>(\u00ab\u00a0s\u00e9rie runique\u00a0\u00bb) taliskane, en usage dans une tribu d\u2019Hommes ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 en contact avec les Elfes daniens, est mentionn\u00e9e (sans exemple) dans l\u2019\u00ab\u00a0Appendice sur les runes\u00a0\u00bb qui cl\u00f4t le septi\u00e8me volume de l\u2019Histoire de la Terre du Milieu<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>(The Treason of Isengard<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>[La Trahison d\u2019Isengard<\/em>]). On y trouve \u00e9galement les premi\u00e8res versions de l\u2019angerthas,<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>de m\u00eame qu\u2019une variante en \u00e9criture cursive appel\u00e9e\u00a0<\/span>alphabet de Dairon<\/em><\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n

Avant que Tolkien n\u2019invente le syst\u00e8me f\u00ebanorien que nous connaissons aujourd\u2019hui, au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1930, plusieurs alphabets semblables aux\u00a0<\/span>tengwar<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>voient le jour dans la d\u00e9cennie pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente. Parmi ceux-ci se trouvent les alphabets\u00a0<\/span>valmariques<\/em><\/strong>,<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>dont Tolkien a laiss\u00e9 quelques exemples. Contrairement \u00e0 l\u2019alphabet de R\u00famil, l\u2019\u00e9criture valmarique ne peut \u00eatre trac\u00e9e qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019horizontale, de gauche \u00e0 droite\u00a0; mais elle se rapproche des syst\u00e8mes f\u00ebanorien et r\u00familien \u00e0 plusieurs \u00e9gards, notamment dans son usage des signes diacritiques pour repr\u00e9senter les voyelles. Un exemple d\u2019\u00e9criture valmarique appara\u00eet dans la l\u00e9gende de\u00a0<\/span>l\u2019illustration du \u00ab\u00a0Paysage lunaire\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0<\/span>de\u00a0<\/span>Roverandom.<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>D\u2019autres \u00e9chantillons sont reproduits dans les num\u00e9ros 14 et 15 de la revue\u00a0<\/span>Parma Eldalamberon.<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>De prochains num\u00e9ros pr\u00e9senteront des manuscrits des ann\u00e9es 1920 qui permettent de d\u00e9couvrir d\u2019autres \u00e9critures elfiques de cette \u00e9poque, dont certaines sont en quelque sorte les anc\u00eatres des\u00a0<\/span>tengwar<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>de F\u00ebanor. Quelques-uns de ces alphabets pr\u00e9-f\u00ebanoriens, tels le\u00a0<\/span>quenyatique<\/em><\/strong>,\u00a0<\/span><\/em>le\u00a0<\/span>fallasin<\/em><\/strong>,<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>le\u00a0<\/span>noriaque<\/em><\/strong>,<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>le\u00a0<\/span>banyarique<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>et le\u00a0<\/span>sinyatic<\/em><\/strong>,<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>apparaissent dans le num\u00e9ro 16 de\u00a0<\/span>Parma Eldalamberon.<\/em><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.16″ text_line_height=\u00a0\u00bb1.9em\u00a0\u00bb quote_font=\u00a0\u00bb||||||||\u00a0\u00bb module_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb animation_style=\u00a0\u00bbfade\u00a0\u00bb animation_duration=\u00a0\u00bb1500ms\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n

L\u2019alphabet gobelin (Lettres du P\u00e8re No\u00ebl<\/em>)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Les lettres que Tolkien a \u00e9crites pour ses enfants, en se faisant passer pour le P\u00e8re No\u00ebl et ses amis du p\u00f4le Nord, renferment elles aussi des alphabets invent\u00e9s. L\u2019\u00e9criture elfique dont se sert l\u2019elfe Ilbereth est essentiellement une variante des\u00a0<\/span>tengwar<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>f\u00ebanoriens, alors que\u00a0<\/span>l\u2019alphabet gobelin<\/em><\/strong>,<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>utilis\u00e9 par Karhu l\u2019Ours polaire, est tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rent des autres alphabets invent\u00e9s par Tolkien. Cens\u00e9 provenir des figures que les gobelins dessinaient dans leurs grottes, il est principalement constitu\u00e9 de bonshommes allumettes aux formes humano\u00efdes. Il est surtout alphab\u00e9tique, mais compte n\u00e9anmoins quelques caract\u00e8res repr\u00e9sentant des diphtongues et des combinaisons de consonnes parmi les plus courantes. Voir \u00e0 ce sujet\u00a0<\/span>Les Lettres du P\u00e8re No\u00ebl.<\/em><\/p>\n

Les autres syst\u00e8mes d\u2019\u00e9criture<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tolkien a aussi invent\u00e9 des \u00e9critures sans lien avec ses mondes fictionnels. L\u2019une des plus anciennes, baptis\u00e9e\u00a0<\/span>privata kodo skauta<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>(\u00ab\u00a0code scout priv\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb), appara\u00eet dans un cahier de 1909 encore in\u00e9dit\u00a0: le\u00a0<\/span>Livre de Foxrook<\/em>. \u00c9crit dans un alphabet phon\u00e9tique cod\u00e9, il fait \u00e9galement usage de symboles id\u00e9ographiques repr\u00e9sentant un mot entier (Voir Bodleian Library,\u00a0<\/span>J.R.R. Tolkien: Life and Legend,<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>p.\u00a018\u00a0; et Arden R. Smith et Patrick Wynne, \u00ab\u00a0Tolkien and Esperanto\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<\/span>SEVEN,<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>vol.\u00a017 [2000], p.\u00a029-34.) Vers la fin de sa vie, Tolkien a con\u00e7u son\u00a0<\/span>nouvel alphabet anglais<\/em><\/strong>,<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>une \u00e9criture phon\u00e9tique qui combine les principes logico-structurels de l\u2019angerthas<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>et des\u00a0<\/span>tengwar<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>\u00e0 des caract\u00e8res qui rappellent plut\u00f4t le grec ou le latin. Cet alphabet n\u2019a jamais encore \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9 dans son int\u00e9gralit\u00e9, mais on en trouvera des exemples dans Wayne G. Hammond et Christina Scull,\u00a0<\/span>J.R.R. Tolkien\u00a0: Artiste et illustrateur<\/em>.<\/p>\n

~<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Home<\/a><\/span><\/span>Arden Smith offre une br\u00e8ve introduction aux alphabets et syst\u00e8mes d\u2019\u00e9criture invent\u00e9s par Tolkien.Tout au long de sa vie, J.R.R. Tolkien a imagin\u00e9 divers syst\u00e8mes d\u2019\u00e9criture dont plusieurs sont repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s dans ses \u0153uvres publi\u00e9es. La plupart sont li\u00e9s d\u2019une mani\u00e8re ou d\u2019une autre \u00e0 sa \u00ab\u00a0mythologie\u00a0\u00bb de la Terre du Milieu, mais certains se rattachent […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":33968,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-35429","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nArden Smith, Syst\u00e8mes d'\u00c9criture - The Tolkien Estate<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/fr\/savoir\/arden-smith-systemes-decriture\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Arden Smith, Syst\u00e8mes d'\u00c9criture - The Tolkien Estate\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Arden Smith offre une br\u00e8ve introduction aux alphabets et syst\u00e8mes d\u2019\u00e9criture invent\u00e9s par Tolkien.Tout au long de sa vie, J.R.R. Tolkien a imagin\u00e9 divers syst\u00e8mes d\u2019\u00e9criture dont plusieurs sont repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s dans ses \u0153uvres publi\u00e9es. La plupart sont li\u00e9s d\u2019une mani\u00e8re ou d\u2019une autre \u00e0 sa \u00ab\u00a0mythologie\u00a0\u00bb de la Terre du Milieu, mais certains se rattachent […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/fr\/savoir\/arden-smith-systemes-decriture\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"The Tolkien Estate\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-10-17T14:45:24+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"11 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.tolkienestate.com\\\/fr\\\/savoir\\\/arden-smith-systemes-decriture\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.tolkienestate.com\\\/fr\\\/savoir\\\/arden-smith-systemes-decriture\\\/\",\"name\":\"Arden Smith, Syst\u00e8mes d'\u00c9criture - The Tolkien Estate\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.tolkienestate.com\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2020-11-26T23:18:42+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-10-17T14:45:24+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.tolkienestate.com\\\/fr\\\/savoir\\\/arden-smith-systemes-decriture\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.tolkienestate.com\\\/fr\\\/savoir\\\/arden-smith-systemes-decriture\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.tolkienestate.com\\\/fr\\\/savoir\\\/arden-smith-systemes-decriture\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.tolkienestate.com\\\/fr\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Savoir\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.tolkienestate.com\\\/fr\\\/savoir\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Arden Smith, Syst\u00e8mes d’\u00c9criture\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.tolkienestate.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.tolkienestate.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"The Tolkien Estate\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.tolkienestate.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Arden Smith, Syst\u00e8mes d'\u00c9criture - The Tolkien Estate","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/fr\/savoir\/arden-smith-systemes-decriture\/","og_locale":"fr_FR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Arden Smith, Syst\u00e8mes d'\u00c9criture - The Tolkien Estate","og_description":"Arden Smith offre une br\u00e8ve introduction aux alphabets et syst\u00e8mes d\u2019\u00e9criture invent\u00e9s par Tolkien.Tout au long de sa vie, J.R.R. Tolkien a imagin\u00e9 divers syst\u00e8mes d\u2019\u00e9criture dont plusieurs sont repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s dans ses \u0153uvres publi\u00e9es. La plupart sont li\u00e9s d\u2019une mani\u00e8re ou d\u2019une autre \u00e0 sa \u00ab\u00a0mythologie\u00a0\u00bb de la Terre du Milieu, mais certains se rattachent […]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/fr\/savoir\/arden-smith-systemes-decriture\/","og_site_name":"The Tolkien Estate","article_modified_time":"2023-10-17T14:45:24+00:00","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e":"11 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/fr\/savoir\/arden-smith-systemes-decriture\/","url":"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/fr\/savoir\/arden-smith-systemes-decriture\/","name":"Arden Smith, Syst\u00e8mes d'\u00c9criture - The Tolkien Estate","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/#website"},"datePublished":"2020-11-26T23:18:42+00:00","dateModified":"2023-10-17T14:45:24+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/fr\/savoir\/arden-smith-systemes-decriture\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"fr-FR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/fr\/savoir\/arden-smith-systemes-decriture\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/fr\/savoir\/arden-smith-systemes-decriture\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/fr\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Savoir","item":"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/fr\/savoir\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Arden Smith, Syst\u00e8mes d’\u00c9criture"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/","name":"The Tolkien Estate","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"fr-FR"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/35429","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35429"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/35429\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/33968"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35429"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}